Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering is the artificial manipulation of genomic material via biotechnology. Not only has this burgeoning field of research contributed to our understanding of individual genes and complex genetic pathways, it has also enabled researchers to find new ways to produce essential therapeutics needed for human survival. 

Over the last several decades, molecular-based methods like homologous recombination, molecular cloning, and DNA sequencing have transformed the biological sciences. In the life sciences, these methods have enabled a more in-depth understanding of individual genes and their function within complex pathways through the ability to knock out specific genes in the genomes of microorganisms, cell lines, and animal models. Knockout mice, for example, have provided an invaluable tool for understanding the role of specific genes in development or normal physiology. Because mice and humans share many of the same genes, mice are often used as a model for studying many biological processes in humans. Here, knockout mice can be created to express a mutated gene of interest to uncover the downstream effects of the mutation and identify how the resulting condition can be treated.

These molecular-based techniques have also made it possible to synthesize large quantities of essential therapeutics like human insulin. Prior to genetic engineering, insulin production relied on purified preparations harvested from pig or cow pancreases. This methodology was limited as animal and human insulin differ in composition and the finite supply of animal pancreases would not be able to keep up with the increased demand for insulin. Using genetic engineering, researchers were able to solve both of these concerns through the development of recombinant bacterial and yeast strains that could express the human insulin gene. These recombinant microbes could be easily scaled-up to meet insulin demands, and the insulin produced demonstrated purity and consistent quality.

With advancements in DNA synthesis and sequencing, researchers have added new techniques to their genetic engineering arsenal. The development of CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology, for example, has revolutionized basic and medical research by enabling the generation of site-specific mutations in cell lines. With this technology, cancer researchers can make precise changes to the genome of a target cell line in a way that mimics the genotypes and phenotypes found in clinical tumor samples. The resultant models are both biologically relevant and biomarker specific, enhancing the ability of drug developers to identify novel therapeutics that will be effective against a particular cancer type.

Overall, the opportunities afforded by genetic engineering are endless. At ATCC, we are committed to supporting this incredible field of research by providing the solutions needed to succeed. Explore our resources below to get started.